第6章:独立宣言
书名:史册 作者:时代战士
第6章:独立宣言
《独立宣言》(The
Declaration
of
Independence),是北美洲十三个英属殖民地宣告自大不列颠王国独立,并宣明此举正当性之文告。
1776年7月4日,本宣言由第二届大陆会议(Second
Continental
Congress)于费城批准,这一天后成为美国独立纪念日。宣言之原件由大陆会议出席代表共同签署,并永久展示于美国华盛顿特区之国家档案与文件署当中。此独立宣言为美国最重要的立国文书之一。7月4日是决议采用宣言的日期,之后进行了印刷,议会代表们大多采用1776年8月2日签署本宣言。
《独立宣言》由四部分组成:第一部分为前言,阐述了宣言的目的;第二部分阐述政治体制思想,即自然权利学说和主权在民思想;第三部分历数英国压迫北美殖民地人民的条条罪状,说明殖民地人民是在忍无可忍的情况下被迫拿起武器的,力争独立的合法性和正义性;第四部分,也就是在宣言的最后一部分,美利坚庄严宣告独立。
基本信息:
中文名称:独立宣言
外文名称:The
Declaration
of
Independence
文件属性:纲领性文件
地位:美国最重要的立国文书之一
签署日期:1776年8月2日
决议采用日期:1776年7月4日
批准会议:第二届大陆会议
批准地点:宾夕法尼亚费城
现存地点:华盛顿特区美国国家档案馆
重要人物:约翰·亚当斯、富兰克林、杰斐逊
历史背景:
1760年代与1770年代间,英属北美十三殖民地与大不列颠王国之间紧张关系持续升高,终在1775年爆发列克星敦和康科德战役(莱克星顿枪声)(Battle
of
Lexington
and
Concord),成为美国独立战争之先声。
彻底独立一开始只是少数人的想法,直到强力压制殖民地自治的不可容忍法案通过后,大不列颠母国为压迫者的观点方日益广布。麻省1774年之沙福克决议(Suffolk
Resolves)与托马斯·潘恩于1776年出版之小册《常识》等文告更加掀起了反不列颠之风潮。
独立宣言是一份于1776年7月4日由托马斯·杰斐逊起草,并由其它13个殖民地代表签署的最初声明美国从英国独立的文件。早在独立前的一百多年间,欧洲启蒙思想就开始在北美传播,为《独立宣言》的发表奠定了理论基础。在欧洲启蒙思想的熏陶下,北美殖民地也产生了自己的启蒙思想家,代表人物是本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790)和托马斯·杰斐逊(1743-1826),他们反对奴隶制,主张人民享有自由、平等的权利。并且喊出了:“没有代表权,就不得征税“(“No
Taxation
without
Representation“)的口号。这句口号原本是英国政治的基本原则,在英国贵族与王室的斗争中使用过,但独立战争期间被殖民者用来捍卫自己的权利。
在整个18世纪60年代和18世纪70年代之间,英国和其北美殖民地之间的关系日益紧张。英国议会对殖民地不断征税,但在议会中却没有殖民地的代表。英国议会分别颁布《糖税法》(1764年)、《印花税法》(1765年)、《汤森税法》(1767年),引发殖民人民的反抗。
1775年,在莱克星顿和康科德城爆发了战争,这标志着美国之革命战争的开始。虽然战争开始,但是最初的想法并不是完全的独立。但是托马斯·潘恩的《常识》于1776年在北美发表。在这本不到50页的小册子中,托马斯·潘恩以简练而生动的语言准确地回答了北美殖民地人民所关心的问题,并从一个全新的角度指出了北美殖民地独立的必要性。托马斯·潘恩呼吁,殖民地人民必须与英国一刀两断,建立自己的共和国。他强调真正的权力必须而且只有来源于人民。托马斯·潘恩的思想代表了美国革命中激进派的主张。他的理论激励了更多的北美殖民地人民,特别是中下阶层的人民,坚定地投身于独立战争。至此,战争已转向为争取殖民地的独立。
1776年6月7日,在大陆会议的一次集会中,弗吉尼亚州的理查德·亨利·李提出一个议案,宣称:“我们以这些殖民地的善良人民的名义和权力,谨庄严地宣布并昭告:这些联合殖民地从此成为、而且名正言顺地应当成为自由独立的合众国;它们解除对于英王的一切隶属关系,而它们与大不列颠王国之间的一切政治联系亦应从此完全废止。“6月10日大陆会议指定一个委员会草拟独立宣言。实际的起草工作由托马斯·杰佛逊负责。7月4日独立宣言获得通过,并分送十三州的议会签署及批准。这十三个州分别是:新罕布什尔州,马萨诸塞州,罗德岛州,康涅狄格州,纽约州,新泽西州,宾夕法尼亚州,特拉华州,马里兰州,弗吉尼亚州,北卡罗来纳州,南卡罗来纳州,佐治亚州。
1776年6月,马萨诸塞州的约翰·亚当斯、马萨诸塞州的本杰明·富兰克林、维吉尼亚州的托马斯·杰斐逊、纽约州的罗伯特·李文斯顿(Robert
R.
Livingston)、康乃迪克州的罗杰·谢尔曼(Roger
Sherman)(即后世所称之五人小组/Committee
of
Five)聚集起草合宜之文告以宣示独立之决心。五人小组决议,宣言由托马斯·杰斐逊独立起草后对富兰克林与亚当斯展示,富兰克林一人即至少修订了其中48处。杰斐逊后据此誊录了一份修订版,由五人小组于1776年6月28日上呈大陆议会。
1776年6月7日,维吉尼亚的理查·亨利·李(Richard
Henry
Lee)上呈李氏决议文(Lee
Resolution)至大陆议会;7月2日,正式宣告独立。决议文中写道:“
兹决议:合众殖民地(United
Colonies)为,亦应为,自由独立之国家,其免除自身对不列颠王室之拥戴;其与大不列颠国之一切政治联系为,亦应为,彻底无效。
“
宣言内容
威廉玛丽学院毕业的杰斐逊曾写道,《独立宣言》是“吁请世界的裁判“。自1776年以来,《独立宣言》中所体现的原则就一直在全世界为人传诵。美国的改革家们,不论是出于什么动机,不论是为了废除奴隶制,禁止种族隔离或是要提高妇女的权利,都要向公众提到“人人生而平等“。不论在什么地方,当人民向不民主的统治作斗争时,他们就使用杰斐逊的话来争辩道,政府的“正当权力是经被统治者同意所授予的“。
《独立宣言》由四部分组成:
第一部分为前言,阐述了宣言的目的。
第二部分高度概括了当时资产阶级最激进的政治思想,即自然权利学说和主权在民思想。
第三部分历数英国压迫北美殖民地人民的条条罪状,说明殖民地人民是在忍无可忍的情况下被迫拿起武器的,力陈独立的合法性和正义性。
在宣言的最后一部分,美利坚庄严宣告独立。《独立宣言》并非1776年7月4日签署的,7月4日是决议采用宣言的日期,之后进行了印刷。议会代表们大多于1776年7月2日签署本宣言。
中英对照
THE
DECLARATION
OF
INDEPENDENCE
独立宣言
In
Congress,
July
4,
1776,
大陆会议(一七七六年七月四日)
THE
UNANIMOUS
DECLARATION
OF
THE
THIRTEEN
UNITED
STATES
OF
AMERICA
美利坚合众国十三个州一致通过的独立宣言
When
in
the
Course
of
human
events,
it
becomes
necessary
for
one
people
to
dissolve
the
political
bands
which
have
connected
them
with
another,
and
to
assume
among
the
Powers
of
the
earth,
the
separate
and
equal
station
to
which
the
Laws
of
Nature
and
of
Nature's
God
entitle
them,
a
decent
respect
to
the
opinions
of
mankind
requires
that
they
should
declare
the
causes
which
impel
them
to
the
separation.
在有关人类事务的发展过程中,当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系,并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和自然之造物主的意旨,接受独立和平等的地位时,出于人类舆论的尊重,必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。
We
hold
these
truths
to
be
self-evident,
that
all
men
are
created
equal,
that
they
are
endowed
by
their
Creator
with
certain
unalienable
Rights,
that
among
these
are
Life,
Liberty,
and
the
pursuit
of
Happiness.
我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
That
to
secure
these
rights,
Governments
are
instituted
among
Men,
deriving
their
just
powers
from
the
consent
of
the
governed.
为了保障这些权利,人类才在他们之间建立政府,而政府之正当权力,是经被治理者的同意而产生的。
That
whenever
any
form
of
Government
becomes
destructive
of
these
ends,
it
is
the
Right
of
the
People
to
alter
or
to
abolish
it,
and
to
institute
new
Government,
laying
its
foundation
on
such
principles
and
organizing
its
powers
in
such
form,
as
to
them
shall
seem
most
likely
to
effect
their
Safety
and
Happiness.
Prudence,
indeed,
will
dictate
that
Governments
long
established
should
not
be
changed
for
light
and
transient
causes;
and
accordingly
all
experience
has
shown,
that
mankind
are
more
disposed
to
suffer,
while
evils
are
sufferable,
than
to
right
themselves
by
abolishing
the
forms
to
which
they
are
accustomed.
But
when
a
long
train
of
abuses
and
usurpations,
pursuing
invariably
the
same
Object,
evinces
a
design
to
reduce
them
under
absolute
Despoti,
it
is
their
right,
it
is
their
duty,
to
throw
off
such
Government,
and
to
provide
new
Guards
for
their
future
security.
当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时,人民便有权力改变或废除它,以建立一个新的政府;其赖以奠基的原则,其组织权力的方式,务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见,成立多年的政府,是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明,任何苦难,只要是尚能忍受,人类都宁愿容忍,而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是,当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生,证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时,那么
人民就有权利,也有义务推翻这个政府,并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障--
Such
has
been
the
patient
sufferance
of
these
Colonies;
and
such
is
now
the
necessity
which
constrains
them
to
alter
their
former
Systems
of
Government.
The
history
of
the
present
King
of
Great
Britain
is
a
history
of
repeated
injuries
and
usurpations,
all
having
in
direct
object
the
establishment
of
an
absolute
Tyranny
over
these
States.
To
prove
this,
let
Facts
be
submitted
to
a
candid
world.
这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况,也是它们不得不改变政府制度的原因。大不列颠国在位国王的历史,是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史,这些暴行的唯一目标,就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实,现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布--
He
has
refused
his
Assent
to
Laws,
the
most
wholesome
and
necessary
for
the
public
good.
他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。
He
has
forbidden
his
Governors
to
pass
Laws
of
immediate
and
pressing
importance,
unless
suspended
in
their
operation
till
his
Assent
should
be
obtained;
and
when
so
suspended,
he
has
utterly
neglected
to
attend
to
them.
他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律,要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效,等待他的同意;而一旦这些法律被搁置起来,他对它们就完全置之不理。
He
has
refused
to
pass
other
Laws
for
the
accommodation
of
large
districts
of
people,
unless
those
people
would
relinquish
the
right
of
Representation
in
the
Legislature,
a
right
inestimable
to
them
and
formidable
to
tyrants
only.
他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律,除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权;但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值,而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。
He
has
called
together
legislative
bodies
at
places
unusual,
uncomfortable,
and
distant
from
the
depository
of
their
public
Records,
for
the
sole
purpose
of
fatiguing
them
into
compliance
with
his
measures.
他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会,唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命,不得不顺从他的意旨。
He
has
dissolved
Representative
Houses
repeatedly,
for
opposing
with
manly
firmness
his
invasions
on
the
rights
of
the
people.
他一再解散各州的议会,因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。
He
has
refused
for
a
long
time,
after
such
dissolutions,
to
cause
others
to
be
elected;
whereby
the
Legislative
powers,
incapable
of
Annihilation,
have
returned
to
the
People
at
large
for
their
exercise;
the
State
remaining
in
the
mean
time
exposed
to
all
the
dangers
of
invasion
from
without,
and
convulsions
within.
他在解散各州议会之后,又长期拒绝另选新议会;但立法权是无法取消的,因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地,既有外来侵略之患,又有发生内乱之忧。
He
has
endeavoured
to
prevent
the
population
of
these
States;
for
that
purpose
obstructing
the
Laws
of
Naturalization
of
Foreigners;
refusing
to
pass
others
to
encourage
their
migrations
hither,
and
raising
the
conditions
of
new
Appropriations
of
Lands
.
他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口;为此目的,他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过,拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律,并提高分配新土地的条件。
He
has
obstructed
the
Administration
of
Justice,
by
refusing
his
Assent
to
Laws
for
establishing
Judiciary
powers.
他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律,藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。
He
has
made
Judges
dependent
on
his
Will
alone,
for
the
tenure
of
their
offices,
and
the
amount
and
payment
of
their
salaries.
他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付,完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。
He
has
erected
a
multitude
of
New
Offices,
and
sent
hither
swarms
of
Officers
to
harass
our
People,
and
eat
out
their
substance.
他建立新官署,派遣大批官员,骚扰我们人民,并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。
He
has
kept
among
us,
in
times
of
peace,
Standing
Armies
without
the
Consent
of
our
legislatures.
他在和平时期,未经我们的立法机关同意,就在我们中间维持常备军。
He
has
affected
to
render
the
Military
independent
of
and
superior
to
the
Civil
power.
他力图使军队独立于民政之外,并凌驾于民政之上。
He
has
combined
with
others
to
subject
us
to
a
jurisdiction
foreign
to
our
constitution,
and
unacknowledged
by
our
laws;
giving
his
Assent
to
their
Acts
of
pretended
Legislation:
他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下;他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的:
For
quartering
large
bodies
of
armed
troops
among
us:
在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队;
For
protecting
them,
by
a
mock
Trial,
from
Punishment
for
any
Murders
which
they
should
commit
on
the
Inhabitants
of
these
States:
用假审讯来包庇他们,使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外;
For
cutting
off
our
Trade
with
all
parts
of
the
world:
切断我们同世界各地的贸易;
For
imposing
Taxes
on
us
without
our
Consent:
未经我们同意便向我们强行征税;
For
depriving
us
in
many
cases,
of
the
benefits
of
Trial
by
Jury:
在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益;
For
transporting
us
beyond
Seas
to
be
tried
for
pretended
offences:
罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审;
For
abolishing
the
free
System
of
English
Laws
in
a
neighbouring
Province,
establishing
therein
an
Arbitrary
government,
and
enlarging
its
Boundaries
so
as
to
render
it
at
once
an
example
and
fit
instrument
for
introducing
the
same
absolute
rule
into
these
Colonies:
在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制,在那里建立专制政府,并扩大该省的疆界,企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具,以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治;
For
taking
away
our
Charters,
abolishing
our
most
valuable
Laws,
and
altering
fundamentally
the
forms
of
our
Governments:
取消我们的宪章,废除我们最宝贵的法律,并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式;
For
suspending
our
own
Legislatures,
and
declaring
themselves
invested
with
power
to
legislate
for
us
in
all
cases
whatsoever.
中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力,宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。
He
has
abdicated
Government
here,
by
declaring
us
out
of
his
Protection
and
waging
War
against
us.
他宣布我们已不属他保护之列,并对我们作战,从而放弃了在这里的政务。
He
has
plundered
our
seas,
ravaged
our
Coasts,
burnt
our
towns,
and
destroyed
the
Lives
of
our
people.
他在我们的海域大肆掠夺,蹂躏我们沿海地区,焚烧我们的城镇,残害我们人民的生命。
He
is
at
this
time
transporting
large
armies
of
foreign
mercenaries
to
compleat
t
he
works
of
death,
desolation
and
tyranny,
already
begun
with
circumstances
of
Cruelty
&
perfidy
scarcely
paralleled
in
the
most
barbarous
ages,
and
totally
unworthy
the
Head
of
a
civilized
nation.
他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的老勾当,这种勾当早就开始,其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。
He
has
constrained
our
fellow
Citizens
taken
Captive
on
the
high
Seas
to
bear
Arms
against
their
Country,
to
become
the
executioners
of
their
friends
and
Brethren,
or
to
fall
themselves
by
their
Hands.
他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞,强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家,成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手,或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。
He
has
excited
domestic
insurrections
amongst
us,
and
has
endeavoured
to
bring
on
the
inhabitants
of
our
frontiers,
the
merciless
Indian
Savages,
whose
known
rule
of
warfare,
is
an
undistinguished
destruction
of
all
ages,
es
and
conditions.
他在我们中间煽动内乱,并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民;而众所周知,印第安人的作战律令是不分男女老幼,一律格杀勿论的。
In
every
stage
of
these
Oppressions
We
have
Petitioned
for
Redress
in
the
most
humble
terms:
Our
repeated
Petitions
have
been
answered
only
by
repeated
injury.
A
Prince,
whose
character
is
thus
marked
by
every
act
which
may
define
a
Tyrant,
is
unfit
to
be
the
ruler
of
a
free
people.
在这些压迫的每一阶段中,我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请愿改善;但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主,当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时,是不配作自由人民的统治者的。
Nor
have
We
been
wanting
in
attention
to
our
British
brethren.
We
have
warned
them
from
time
to
time
of
attempts
by
their
legislature
to
extend
an
unwarrantable
jurisdiction
over
us.
We
have
reminded
them
of
the
circumstances
of
our
emigration
and
settlement
here.
We
have
appealed
to
their
native
justice
and
magnanimity,
and
we
have
conjured
them
by
the
ties
of
our
common
kindred
to
disavow
these
usurpation,
which
would
inevitably
interrupt
our
connections
and
correspondence.
They
too
have
been
deaf
to
the
voice
of
justice
and
of
consanguinity.
We
must,
therefore,
acquiesce
in
the
necessity,
which
denounces
our
Separation,
and
hold
them,
as
we
hold
the
rest
of
mankind,
Enemies
in
War,
in
Peace
Friends.
我们不是没有注意我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们,他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民出这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义感和雅量呼吁,我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上,弃绝这些掠夺行为,以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们却对于这种正义和血缘的呼声一直充耳不闻。因此,我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离,并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们:战即为敌;和则为友。
We,
therefore,
the
Representatives
of
the
United
States
of
America,
in
General
Congress,
Assembled,
appealing
to
the
Supreme
Judge
of
the
world
for
the
rectitude
of
our
intentions,
do,
in
the
Name,
and
by
Authority
of
the
good
People
of
these
Colonies,
solemnly
publish
and
declare,
That
these
United
Colonies
are,
and
of
Right
ought
to
be
Free
and
Independent
States;
that
they
are
Absolved
from
all
Allegiance
to
the
British
Crown,
and
that
all
political
connection
between
them
and
the
State
of
Great
Britain,
is
and
ought
to
be
totally
dissolved;
and
that
as
Free
and
Independent
States,
they
have
full
Power
to
levy
War,
conclude
Peace,
contract
Alliances,
establish
Commerce,
and
to
do
all
other
Acts
and
Things
which
Independent
States
may
of
right
do.
And
for
the
support
of
this
Declaration,
with
a
firm
reliance
on
the
Protection
of
Divine
Providence,
we
mutually
pledge
to
each
other
our
Lives,
our
Fortunes
and
our
sacred
Honor.
因此,我们,在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国代表,以各殖民地善良人民的名义并经他们授权,向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁,说明我们的严正意向,同时郑重宣布;这些联合的殖民地是而且有权成为自由和独立的国家,它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务,它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝,而且必须断绝;作为自由独立的国家,它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和独立国家有权去做的一切行动。为了支持这篇宣言,我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑,以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉,彼此宣誓。
JOHN
HANCOCK,
President
约翰·汉考克,zhuxi
Attested,
CHARLES
THOMSON,
Secretary
鉴定无误,查尔斯·汤森,秘书
New
Hampshire:
JOSIAH
BARTLETT,
WILLIAM
WHIPPLE,
MATTHEW
THORNTON
新罕布夏:约西亚·巴列特、威廉·卫普、马修·松顿
Massachusetts-Bay:
SAMUEL
ADAMS,
JOHN
ADAMS,
ROBERT
TREAT
PAINE,
ELBRIDGE
GERRY
马萨诸塞:塞缪尔·亚当斯、约翰·亚当斯
、罗伯特·崔特·潘恩、艾尔布里吉·杰利
Rhode
Island:
STEPHEN
HOPKINS,
WILLIAM
ELLERY
罗德岛州:史帝芬·霍普金斯、威廉·艾勒里
Connecticut:
ROGER
SHERMAN,
SAMUEL
HUNTINGTON,
WILLIAM
WILLIAMS,
OLIVER
WOLCOTT
康涅狄格州:罗杰·谢尔曼、山缪·杭丁顿、威廉·威廉斯、奥利佛·渥寇特
Georgia:
BUTTON
GWINNETT,
LYMAN
HALL,
GEO.
WALTON
乔治亚:巴顿·格威内特、李曼·候尔、乔治·沃尔顿
Maryland:
SAMUEL
CHASE,
WILLIAM
PACA,
THOMAS
STONE,
CHARLES
CARROLL
OF
CARROLLTON
马里兰:山缪·却斯、威廉·帕卡、托马斯·史东、卡罗顿的查尔斯·卡罗
Virginia:
GEORGE
WYTHE,
RICHARD
HENRY
LEE,
THOMAS
JEFFERSON,
BENJAMIN
HARRISON,
THOMAS
NELSON,
JR.,
FRANCIS
LIGHTFOOT
LEE,
CARTER
BRAXTON.
维吉尼亚:乔治·怀勒、理查·亨利·李、托马斯·杰斐逊、本杰明·哈里森、小托马斯·尼尔森、法兰西斯·莱富特·李、卡特·布瑞斯顿
New
York:
WILLIAM
FLOYD,
PHILIP
LIVINGSTON,
FRANCIS
LEWIS,
LEWIS
MORRIS
纽约:威廉·佛洛依德、菲利普·李文斯顿、法兰西斯·路易斯、路易斯·莫里斯
Pennsylvania:
ROBERT
MORRIS,
BENJAMIN
RUSH,
BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN,
JOHN
MORTON,
GEORGE
CLYMER,
JAMES
SMITH,
GEORGE
TAYLOR,
JAMES
WILSON,
GEORGE
ROSS
宾夕法尼亚:罗伯特·莫里斯、本杰明·拉许、本杰明·富兰克林、约翰·莫顿、乔治·克莱谟、詹姆斯·史密斯、乔治·泰勒、詹姆斯·威尔森、乔治·罗斯
Delaware:GEORGEREAD,
GUNNING
BEDFORD,
JOHN
DICKINSON,
RICHARD
BASSETT,
JACOB
BROOM
特拉华:乔治·瑞德、小冈宁·贝德福德、约翰·迪金森、理查德·巴塞特、雅各布·布朗
North
Carolina:
WILLIAM
HOOPER,
JOSEPH
HEWES,
JOHN
PENN
北卡罗莱那:威廉·霍普、约瑟夫·希维斯、约翰·潘恩
South
Carolina:
EDWARD
RUTLEDGE,
THOMAS
HEYWARD,
JR.,
THOMAS
LYNCH,
JR.,
ARTHUR
MIDDLETON
南卡罗莱那:爱德华·拉特利奇、托马斯·黑华、小托马斯·林区、亚瑟·米窦顿
New
Jersey:
RICHARD
STOCKTON,
JOHN
WITHERSPOON,
FRANCIS
HOPKINS,
JOHN
HART,
ABRAHAM
CLARK
新泽西:理查·史塔克顿、约翰·维斯朋、法兰西斯·霍普金斯、约翰·哈特、亚伯拉罕·克拉克